Social Work Domestic Violence

Social Work Domestic Violence Aggressive behavior at home: a short basic investigation of effect and mediations based on a definitional, chronicled, and hypothetical establishment. Presentation The early on citation by Desdemona communicates her dread of Othello’s rage (Shakespeare, 1604, refered to in Meyersfeld, 2003) simultaneously expressively passing on the fear certain in abusive behavior at home and showing that abusive behavior at home is definitely not another wonder. Nor is abusive behavior at home an uncommon event. As indicated by the British government, abusive behavior at home influences a huge number of lives. The accompanying measurements are cited from the official government site (CrimeReduction.gov.uk, Domestic brutality small scale site, 2005): one out of four ladies and one out of six men will be survivors of aggressive behavior at home in the course of their life with ladies at more serious danger of rehash exploitation and genuine injury; 89 percent of those enduring at least four episodes are ladies; one episode of aggressive behavior at home is accounted for to the police each moment; by and large, two ladies seven days are killed by a present or previous male accomplice; and aggressive behavior at home records for 16 percent of all fierce wrongdoing. This paper will show that the issue of aggressive behavior at home is an unpredictable one, substantially more mind boggling than the term itself may pass on. To be sure, aggressive behavior at home is mind boggling as far as its very definition, complex regarding its hypothetical clarifications, complex as far as sex pertinence, complex as far as its belongings, and complex as far as mediations to forestall and manage its event. The article starts with an introduction and scrutinize of different definitions for aggressive behavior at home, an investigation of the verifiable development of abusive behavior at home as a cultural concern, and a conversation and evaluate of hypothetical clarifications for abusive behavior at home including thought of the significance of sex. This establishment will be utilized as a reason for investigating the effect of abusive behavior at home upon its immediate and backhanded casualties and the worth and viability of the present assets, activities, an d encouraging groups of people utilized in battling aggressive behavior at home and helping its casualties. At last, finishing up comments will be introduced. A Critique on Definitions of Domestic Violence Finding a by and large acknowledged definition for aggressive behavior at home end up being a slippery undertaking. This might be on the grounds that there is no agreement meaning of the term (Laurence and Spalter-Roth, 1996; Contemporary Womens Issues Database, May 1996; Contemporary Womens Issues Database, July 1996). Every essayist appears to characterize the term to accommodate their subject or plan. For example, Chez (1994, citedâ in Gibson-Howell, 1996), in concentrating on female survivors of abusive behavior at home, characterizes the term as â€Å"the rehashed coercion of a lady to mighty physical, social, and mental conduct to pressure her regardless of her rights.† Some definitions are essential and general: â€Å"a example of consistently happening misuse and viciousness, or the danger of savagery, in a private (however not really cohabitating) relationship† (Gibson-Howell, 1996, refering to Loring and Smith, 1994). Different definitions are far reaching a nd explicit (Manor, 1996; Neufield, 1996; Asian Pages, 1998; Josiah, 1998; Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 1999; Danis, 2003; Verkaik, 2003). The more extensive definitions, in spite of the fact that stated in an unexpected way, regularly have the accompanying normal components: an example of damaging conduct (as differentiated to a solitary occasion); the damaging conduct includes control, pressure, as well as force; the damaging conduct might be physical, sexual, passionate, mental, and additionally budgetary; and the casualty of the oppressive conduct is a cohabitating or non-cohabitating private accomplice or companion. The British government has embraced one of the more sweeping depictions of aggressive behavior at home, one that incorporates the entirety of the prior components: â€Å"Any occurrence of compromising conduct, viciousness or misuse (mental, physical, sexual, money related or passionate) between grown-ups who are or have been personal accomplices or relatives, paying little heed to sex or sexuality. Past the essential definition, the legislature outfits further portrayal of abusive behavior at home as â€Å"a example of harsh and controlling behaviour† by which the abuser endeavors to pick up control over the person in question. The administration battles that aggressive behavior at home crosses age, sex, racial, sexuality, riches, and geological lines. (CrimeReduction.gov.uk, Domestic brutality smaller than expected site, 2005) Interestingly, the definition offered by the legislature grows the portrayal to incorporate other â€Å"family members† notwithstanding â€Å" intimate partners.† Recorded Evolution of the Recognition of Domestic Violence as a Societal Concern The issue of aggressive behavior at home, especially viciousness against female mates, was a subject of cultural concern dating from the principal marriage law founded by Romulus in 75 B.C. In any case, the worry was not in forestalling abusive behavior at home; despite what might be expected; the worry was on the side of â€Å"wife beating†Ã¢â‚¬legally and institutionallyâ€a condition that existed through the mid twentieth century. (Danis, 2003, refering to Dobash and Dobash, 1979). English precedent-based law, until the late nineteenth century, â€Å"structured union with give a spouse predominance over his significant other in many parts of the relationship.† This â€Å"sanctioned superiority† gave the husband the privilege to â€Å"command his wife’s compliance, and subject her to whipping or ‘chastisement’ in the event that she resisted his authority.† (Tuerkheimer, 2004, refering to Siegel, 1996) The start of the twentieth cent ury saw the disassembling of laws explicitly excusing control and brutality; in any case, the laws were not supplanted by codes that shielded casualties from misuse. Rather, â€Å"marital privacy† turned into the norm. Basically, misuse was viewed as a family issue, not one in which society had an intrigue. (Turekheimer, 2004) Not until the women's activist development of the late 1960s and 1970s was open enthusiasm for abusive behavior at home aroused (Danis, 2003, refering to Schechter, 1982). With minimal open or private financing, women's activist activists set up covers for female survivors of aggressive behavior at home. They additionally squeezed for laws to rebuff guilty parties and advanced preparing of social laborers and different callings to perceive aggressive behavior at home and treat its casualties. (Contemporary Women’s Issues Database, May 1996). From these unassuming beginnings, throughout the last thirty or more years, open mindfulness has been upgraded drastically, expanding measures of open and private financing have been assigned for covers, abusive behavior at home laws have been reinforced, and social laborers and different experts (for example school work force, medicinal services experts, cops) have been prepared to perceive indications of, and give treatment to those infl uenced by, aggressive behavior at home. Today, in the early long periods of the new thousand years, the manner by which society sees aggressive behavior at home is proceeding to advance. Physical maltreatment of spouses was the underlying focal point of mediation activities. Drawing on inquire about introduced before, sexual, enthusiastic, mental, and budgetary maltreatment have been added to physical maltreatment as kinds of abusive behavior at home. Furthermore, numerous meanings of survivors of aggressive behavior at home presently incorporate, notwithstanding spouses, husbands and household accomplices of the equivalent or distinctive sex. Progressively, as well, youngsters in the residential course of action are being incorporated as survivors of abusive behavior at home. Hypothetical Explanations for Domestic Violence and the Relevance of Gender Similarly as there is an absence of agreement on a solitary definition for aggressive behavior at home, â€Å"there is no single perceived causal hypothesis for household violence.† without a solitary hypothesis, in any event four speculations are utilized to clarify why abusive behavior at home happens: social trade/discouragement, social learning, women's activist, and the biological structure. (Danis, 2003) These speculations, with their importance to aggressive behavior at home, will be introduced and scrutinized in this segment. A conversation of the significance of sexual orientation in abusive behavior at home will finish off the segment. Under the social trade hypothesis, human connection is driven by seeking after remunerations and keeping away from disciplines and expenses. (Danis, 2003, refering to Blau, 1964). Gelles and Cornell (1985, 1990, refered to in Danis, 2003) battle that aggressive behavior at home happens when expenses don't exceed rewards. Expenses in this setting incorporate the potential for guarded physical activity by the person in question, capability of being captured and detained, loss of individual status, and disintegration of the residential course of action. The social learning hypothesis recommends that individuals figure out how to be savage by being promptly remunerated or rebuffed after they submit vicious conduct, through what is called support, and by watching the encounters of others, called demonstrating (Danis, 2003, refering to Bandura, 1973). As per a few specialists, there is a connection between's kin who witness damaging conduct in their prior lives and the individuals who submit abusive behavior at home later. (Danis, 2003, refering to O’Leary, 1987). As per women's activist hypothesis, aggressive behavior at home exudes from a â€Å"patriarchal† educational system which appoints men the duty regarding controlling and overseeing female accomplices (Danis, 2003, refering to Dobash and Dobash, 1979; Yllo, 1993). Under this hypothesis, abusive behavior at home is credited to a blemish in cultural structure as opposed to a particular individual male pathology. At last, the natural system hypothesis, in fighting that no single hypothesis can be utilized in clarifying or anticipating abusive behavior at home, proposes hazard factors for aggressive behavior at home and mediations to address it at three levelsâ€the small scale level (for example batterer programs), the meso level (for example police and the courts), and the full scale level (for example

Blindness and Sight in Oedipus the King - Lack of Vision :: Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

Visual impairment in Oedipus the King Individuals can be â€Å"blinded† to reality. The solution to their inquiry or answer for their concern may have been self-evident. However, they proved unable see the appropriate response. They were blinded to reality. Affiliations have been made between being visually impaired and edified. A visually impaired individual is said to have forces to see undetectable things. They see into what's to come. The visually impaired might not have physical sight, yet they have another sort of vision. In Sophocles' King Oedipus, Teiresias, the visually impaired prophet, presents reality to King Oedipus and Jocasta. Oedipus has been blinded to reality his entire life. At the point when he finds reality, he loses his physical vision. On account of reality, Oedipus blinds himself. Jocasta was incognizant in regards to the genuine character of Oedipus. In any event, when she discovered reality, she would not acknowledge it. For this situation, the individuals who are visually impaired at las t have a higher vision - reality. Kind Oedipus began existence with a prediction that he would murder his dad and wed his mom. While trying to stay away from this destiny, his folks, Laius and Jocasta, sent him into the mountains to kick the bucket. Notwithstanding, a shepherd spared Oedipus. This shepherd offered Oedipus to Polybus and Merope. At the point when Oedipus scholarly of his prediction, he fled his home, thinking these individuals were his genuine guardians. On his flight, he met Laius. He wound up murdering Laius. He forged ahead, addressed a conundrum of the malicious Sphinx, and wound up lord of Thebes. With this realm, Oedipus wedded Jocasta. He had experienced the prediction without realizing he had. Thebes fell onto terrible occasions, and a prophet set out to accuse a polluter of the grounds. Oedipus approached Teiresias, and Teiresias educated him that the polluter was the King. As Oedipus looked through further and further, he found that he was the polluter and that the prescience had materialize d. At the point when Oedipus at last found reality, he was troubled to such an extent that he ran pins at him, blinding himself. He had been blinded to reality for such a long time. Oedipus was visually impaired in increasingly then one manner. He was heedless to reality with regards to his own life. Oedipus had no clue that his genuine guardians were Laius and Jocasta. He was heedless to the point that he got distraught at any individual who was silly enough to recommend such a thought. Visual impairment and Sight in Oedipus the King - Lack of Vision :: Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex Visual impairment in Oedipus the King Individuals can be â€Å"blinded† to reality. The solution to their inquiry or answer for their concern may have been self-evident. However, they proved unable see the appropriate response. They were blinded to reality. Affiliations have been made between being visually impaired and edified. A visually impaired individual is said to have forces to see undetectable things. They see into what's to come. The visually impaired might not have physical sight, yet they have another sort of vision. In Sophocles' King Oedipus, Teiresias, the visually impaired prophet, presents reality to King Oedipus and Jocasta. Oedipus has been blinded to reality his entire life. At the point when he finds reality, he loses his physical vision. Due to reality, Oedipus blinds himself. Jocasta was incognizant in regards to the genuine personality of Oedipus. In any event, when she discovered reality, she would not acknowledge it. For this situation, the individuals who are visually impaired at last hav e a higher vision - reality. Kind Oedipus began existence with a prediction that he would slaughter his dad and wed his mom. While trying to maintain a strategic distance from this destiny, his folks, Laius and Jocasta, sent him into the mountains to bite the dust. Be that as it may, a shepherd spared Oedipus. This shepherd offered Oedipus to Polybus and Merope. At the point when Oedipus scholarly of his prescience, he fled his home, thinking these individuals were his genuine guardians. On his flight, he met Laius. He wound up slaughtering Laius. He progressed forward, addressed a puzzle of the detestable Sphinx, and wound up ruler of Thebes. With this realm, Oedipus wedded Jocasta. He had experienced the prescience without realizing he had. Thebes fell onto terrible occasions, and a prophet set out to accuse a polluter of the grounds. Oedipus approached Teiresias, and Teiresias educated him that the polluter was the King. As Oedipus looked through further and further, he found that he was the polluter and that the prediction had worked out. At the point when Oedipus at long last found reality, he was upset to such an extent that he ran pins at him, blinding himself. He had been blinded to reality for such a long time. Oedipus was visually impaired in progressively then one manner. He was oblivious to reality with regards to his own life. Oedipus had no clue that his genuine guardians were Laius and Jocasta. He was ignorant concerning the point that he got distraught at any individual who was absurd enough to recommend such a thought.

Getting Prepared a Perfect Book Report

Getting Prepared a Perfect Book Report A Blueprint of a Well-Organized Report Home›Education Posts›A Blueprint of a Well-Organized Report Education PostsBeing distinct from a traditional essay, the aim of which is to present and defend the authors opinion about a certain topic, a report addresses an issue according to a set, structured format. Any report has sections with titles and subtitles. The purpose of the report is to provide information about an object, project, or process by conducting an in-depth analysis. There are different types of reports. As a rule, they are meant for academic, technical, and business purposes; they may also give recommendations or include a call for certain actions.Straightforward Insights into Writing ReportsFirst off, you should define your target audience. Then think of what your readers expect from your report and try to write to their expectations. Before writing, ask yourself the following: Who is interested in my report? What is the aim of my paper? What should I include in the report?Having defined a framework of your report, you should start gathering supporting information. Afterwards, you must organize it in an outline. Step-by-step planning will simplify your writing process and will assure the logical structure of your work.  If you doubt your abilities, you can always buy custom essay at online writing services.The report structureTo assure a well-organized and comprehensible report, stick to the following college report format: Title Section: In case you are writing a short report, the front cover must include all the important information, such as the author and the date. If your report is quite lengthy, provide the table of contents and definitions of terms. Introductory part: Traditionally, the first page of a report contains an introduction. Here you explain the problem and purpose of your report. It is also essential to add a list of terms, which you have not explained in the title section. Body: Whereas the introduction is written in simple language, this part may contain some technical terms and jargon. The body is comprised of several sections divided into subheadings. The information is given according to the principle of significance. Hence, the most important details come first. Summary: This part encompasses important facts, conclusions, and recommendations while being a concise overview of the whole report. Make sure you have listed all the relevant points, as many readers skip the whole work and read only this part. It is prudent to write a summary when you have finished writing the whole report. Conclusion: In this section, you summarize all the points you have mentioned in the body section. Recommendations: Here you list the measures that must be taken. Elaborate on your recommendations in order of importance. Appendices: This section is meant for experts in the field. It consists of technical details that back up your conclusion.This format will simplify your writing process. Make sure all the sections, exce pt the body, are written in simple English, and the information is arranged logically in the order of importance.Report styleYour report must be presented in a short and comprehensible manner so that readers could get to the bottom of it effortlessly. Maintain the following formatting style to make your paper readable and well-organized: Font: Apply one font throughout your report. The most appropriate fonts are Arial and Times New Romans. Lists: By means of listing, you highlight crucial points. You can both bullet or number them. Titles and Subtitles: With the help of them, you can instantly find key information, because it is divided into manageable parts that can be easily digested.Take into account these styles when writing your report: Maintain a succinct style: As your aim is to convey information, present it in concise logical sentences. Also, do not provide details unless it is obligatory. Remember that sentences should be consistent with the purpose. Prefer active voice to passive: Definitely, it will make your work simpler and more readable. Not only it requires fewer words, but also highlights a person/thing that is in charge of an action. For instance, it is better to say, Poor customer service jeopardizes the reputation of the company” rather than “The reputation of the company is jeopardized by poor customer service.” Maintain grammar and punctuation rules: Proofread your report aloud and ask someone to revise it for you, as the computer cannot identify errors like ‘surrounding’ and ‘surroundings’. Create a favorable impressionYou should understand that the impression of your report defines its approach and reliability. Strange as it may seem but presentation matters. Thus, print your report on a top-quality paper and put it in a binder or a folder.How to Write a Book Report College LevelA template for a book reportNote that this is just a template for your report, which can come in handy while writing your own work. Please note th at your instructor may want you to write in the other book report format. In this case, show this format to your instructor to make sure it is appropriate.This book report format is suitable for pre-college level students who are assigned to submit a report that analyzes a book they have read.   Introduction  In the first sentence, you should mention the name of the instructor and class you are writing for.The second sentence reads the title of the book and writer’s name.In the third sentence, you mention the number of pages and publisher’s name.The fourth sentence contains some bibliographic information about the book. It involves stating the publishing house of the book, the year of publication, its edition, etc.In the next sentence, you reveal the reason for choosing a particular book. Some of the commonest reasons are: You adore the writer. You love the genre of the book (a mystery, fantasy, a detective novel, etc.) You have read this book on somebody’s recommendation. It was compulsory to read at school/university. You fell for the cover.You can also mention an optional sentence in case the cover of the book provides additional information. This can be: Was the book a bestseller? How many copies were printed? Awards the book received, etc. Protagonist(s) paragraphIn the first sentence of the paragraph, you should mention the name(s) of the protagonist(s) and explain his/her/their importance in the book. Definitely, that will be quite an extensive sentence or even several sentences.Paragraph dedicated to other charactersYou should allocate at least one sentence for each of the other significant characters and mention their names, as well as the role they play in the book. A good deal of books has more than 6 prominent characters, so by listing all of them, you will get an extensive paragraph.Plot summary paragraphThis is seemingly the most complex paragraph, which you need to put in five sentences or so. If you have a bit more, do not worry and lo ok through the points you must include: Define the type of the book (Mystery, Western, etc.). The setting. The period of time described in the book. Mention significant locations (buildings, ships, airplanes, houses, public places, etc.) Some other important features of the book (whether it was scary, intriguing, laughable or serious). Protagonist’s actions. What is the upshot of the book?To make sure you have covered all the significant points, reread the book from cover to cover making some notes.Personal Impression and Conclusion ParagraphIn this paragraph, you express your general impression of the book and discuss what you adore and dislike in the book. At the same time, in this part, you should bring your report to an end. Begin with a sentence that would indicate that you are writing a conclusion. (For instance, My final thoughts on Martin Eden are that it is an absorbing and profound book, but I am not completely sure if I really got to the bottom of its message). Say onc e again why you liked/disliked the book. Allocate two sentences to discuss the book’s advantages and disadvantages. Say what lessons you have drawn from the book. In the last sentence, you state whether you recommend the book or not.Remember that your report should be 800 words in length maximum, which is two double-spaced pages.

Symptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia - 3448 Words

ABSTRACT Schizophrenia is a public health issue affecting 1% of the world population. Its disorders are characterized in general by distortions of thinking and perception, and by inappropriate or blunted affections. It still raises many doubts, anxieties and prejudices in relatives, friends and the entire society. The importance of overcoming the disease denial and prejudices is essential for the proper development of treatment. Gatherings from psychological and psychiatric observations blend in order to provide an elaborate clarification of schizophrenia. There is not a cure for the disease but medications like antipsychotics and psychological therapies help control the symptoms of the disease. Relatives, friends and all healthcare professionals should be aware of these psychiatric behaviors so a healthy introduction of treatment may be applied to the ill, emphasizing a humanized care. Key words: Schizophrenia. Pathology. Treatment. Awareness. Coexistence. 1. INTRODUCTION It was initially described as a disease where people suffering from it, exhibited a regressed behavior, similar to elderly people with Alzheimer s disease. Schizophrenia is mainly characterized by a mental disintegration, in which a person loses the ability to assimilate their emotions and feelings with their thoughts, having unrealistic beliefs, referred to as delusions, as well as false perceptions of their environment, known as hallucinations. With these mental characteristics, the disease producesShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia Essay937 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Per MentalHelp.net, schizophrenia is rare with approximately one-percent of the worldwide population and 1.2 percent of the population of the United States suffering from the disease as of 2009. Accurate statistics are difficult to obtain because many sufferers do not seek help. Symptoms typically – but not always – present in teen years with different peak times for females and males. Females have two peak times of vulnerability – mid- to late twenties and again around 40 – whereasRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1108 Words   |  5 PagesSchizophrenia What is schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought, cognitive impairment, and mood symptoms. Hallucinations may include hearing voices (auditory hallucinations) or seeing people (visual hallucinations) that are not actually present. Patient also often have â€Å"negative† findings such as decreased energy, flat affect, and a lack of interest. 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Throughout this paper the following questions are answered: what is schizophrenia, what are the causes of schizophrenia, what are some of the types of schizophrenia, and what are the treatment options for those who are diagnosed with schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is a disabling disorder and is chronic and severe to those thatRead MoreSymptoms And Treatments Of Schizophrenia1205 Words   |  5 PagesSchizophrenia Roughly 2.5 Million Americans have been diagnosed with a chronical brain disorder known as Schizophrenia. Most people believe schizophrenia causes people to have split personalities, but that’s not the case. The illness called Schizophrenia causes a person to hallucinate, hear voices that others can’t hear, make people believe that they are being watched, and the belief somebody is out to harm them. (Mental Health America 2015) In this paper I will write about the prevalence, whatRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1011 Words   |  5 PagesSchizophrenia is a mental disorder that consists of hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and thought. â€Å"Schizo† if Greek for Split while â€Å"phrene† means mind; schizophrenia literally translates to split mind (Burton, 2012). Why is schizophrenia considered to be split minded? According to Khouzam, 2012 split mind is used to describe the disruption within the thought process Schizophrenia i s a mental disorder that has subcategories that include paranoia, catatonia, disorganized, residual andRead MoreSymptoms, And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1413 Words   |  6 PagesOverview, Symptoms, and Treatment for Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that is affecting people’s lives every day. There isn’t a cure for this disorder and it is lifelong. Schizophrenia can affect a person’s thoughts, emotions, and actions. People with this disorder can have a hard time figuring out what is real and what isn’t real. A common side effect to schizophrenia is hallucinations and delusions. Another common side effect is social withdrawal, which means that they avoid socialRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia843 Words   |  4 PagesPeople who suffered from schizophrenia were once mistaken to be â€Å"dangerous† and untreatable. For this reason, they were often institutionalized and removed from society (DiRocco). The causes of this mental psychotic disorder has been much more understood over the past decade resulting in the possibility for people with schizophrenia to live more average lives. Development of treatments, such as medication and various forms of psychotherapies, have been effective in treating symptoms and common comorbidRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1058 Words   |  5 PagesSchizophrenia is defined as â€Å"a brain disorder that affects the way a person behaves, thinks, and sees the world.†(Melinda Smith, Jeanne Segal). Schizophrenia is treatable but incurable, and is present in one percent of the general population. Some people with schizophrenia can function normally without the help of medicines, while others must rely on medications. The disorder can also get so severe that an individual may need to be hospitalized or worse. The measures needed to treat schizophreniaRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1545 Words   |  7 PagesSchizophrenia, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), is a psychotic disorder that is characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behaviour, and other symptoms that cause social or occupati onal dysfunction (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). The symptoms of schizophrenia invade every aspect of a person: the way someone thinks, feels, and behaves; which implicates their interpersonal and working relationships. Individuals suffering

Essay on Utilitarism - 2352 Words

Question 1: Williams thinks that the doctrine of negative responsibility, which follows from the principle of utility, undermines personal integrity. Do you agree that being held responsible for the consequences of not acting, of failing to prevent something, will (always or sometimes) erode the idea of personal integrity? Is there any way to be a utilitarian and still respect the integrity of individuals? Integrity is the honesty and truthfulness or accuracy of one’s actions. Integrity regards internal consistency as a virtue. One may judge that others â€Å"have integrity† to the extent that they act according to the values, beliefs and principles they clam to hold. As Williams explains, the principal of utility undermines personal†¦show more content†¦So, the principals of utilitarianism are not conflicting with personal integrity. With that being said, I believe that a person of integrity may differ about what is right but a moral person cannot have integrity. The utilitarian approach alienates individuals from their own commitments and moral identity. Deliberating and acting for reasons directed at the right or good thing to do depend upon a moral theory in which we have personal integrity. To be moved by the needs of others, we need to possess substantial commitments that help individuals see themselves as part of the group (Sheehy 2008). Not to dismiss wha t role principles like the principles of utility have in our decisions, but our view of the world is made of the commitments forming us. This idea is not limited to an individual, but central to the nature of us and woven into our moral thinking. Ashford, Elizabeth, 2000. ‘Utilitarianism, Integrity and Partiality,’Journal of Philosophy, 97: 421–439. Sheehy, Paul. Doing the Right Thing (Part II): Challenges to Utilitarianism. The Richmond Journal of Philosophy. Richmond Journal, Mar. 2008. Williams, Bernard, 1973. ‘Integrity,’ in J.J.C. Smart and Bernard Williams, Utilitarianism: For and Against New York: Cambridge, 108–117. Question 2: Morality tells us what we ought to do, and imposes upon us duties which it would be wrong not to fulfill. Yet Kant claims, in Chapter Two of the Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals, that autonomy—the abilityShow MoreRelatedA Naturalistic Moral Theory Mill s Utilitarism Essay1301 Words   |  6 PagesIn this paper, I shall argue that while a naturalistic moral theory Mill’s Utilitarism is a flexible and sensitive to circumstances (act and rule) as long as overall happiness is the end goal and promotes social harmony, that his position is a lacks of autonomy/integrity of the moral agent, is a negative responsibility because utilitarianism is an excessively demanding theory, act utilitarianism may require us to commit morally reprehensible acts, there is sometimes conflict of rules for the ruleRead MoreKants Moral Theory and Utilitarism Comparison Essay1166 Words   |  5 PagesKant’s moral theory and utilitarianism are two very different moral t heories. Kant’s moral theory works off of the categorical imperative. Utilitarianism works off of the greatest happiness principle. Morality and right action are very different within these two theories, and the idea of slavery is a good example of the differences. Utilitarianism can allow slavery, whereas Kant’s moral theory cannot allow slavery. Kant’s moral theory uses the categorical imperative as its basis. The categoricalRead MoreEthical And Ethical Theories Of Ethics1103 Words   |  5 Pagesethics is Utilitarism. It is described as the means to an end. Created by John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham, this theory tries to answer moral questions with emotion of one and religion. The outcome is for the greater good of all or the most people. It’s the idea of putting other before you. The moral good is defined as the greatest happiness for the most amounts and the immoral would be the less good for the least amount. Kantian another theory that is very opposite of, Utilitarism means to endRead MoreResearch Ethics for Children as Subjects666 Words   |  3 Pagesconflicts like these are especially important when children are used as research subjects because they are particularly vulnerable to being exploited. Priscilla Alderson in Chapter 3 elaborates on the three ethics theories of principles, rights, and utilitarism with respect to children as human research subjects; however, she frames them in the form of two questions: (1) are the potential benefits real and (2) is informed consent possible. Alderson places a heavy emphasis on the second question, becauseRead MoreEssay about Kantian vs Utilitarian Ethical Parameters990 Words   |  4 Pagesof human emotions and desires. A truly good act as defined by Kant is performed because of an obligation to the categorical imperative. The objectives and personal agendas of the individual performing the act must kept separate and distinct. Utilitarism makes ethical decisions based on the consequences of the action taken. Unlike the Kantian view the motives are not important just the consequences. The action is measured by how much happiness or sadness the action creates. The ideal ethical decisionRead Moreâ€Å"How Would Aristotle Respond to Utilitarianism?†1087 Words   |  5 Pageslife a person must be free to determine his or her own ends and have the wherewithal, the means, the opportunities, to have a realistic chance of achieving those ends. With that being said I think that Aristotle would believe in the idea of Utilitarism but not with the idea that one system (government) should apply their theories to society as a whole. Aristotle’s belief is that each person is in charge of their own happiness, and if they are a happier individual then they will be able to provideRead MoreApplying Ethical Theories : Interpreting And Responding Students Plagiarism By Neil Granitz And Dana Loewy Essay1042 Words   |  5 PagesWeber, 1990; Alder, Schminke, Noel, and Kuenzi, 2008, Hunt and Vitell’s ethical decision making model. 1986) or the use of terminology that identify and represent different ethical theories such as deontology, virtue ethics (Lahdesmati, 2005), utilitarism (Premeaux, 2004) Secondly, the authors provide recommendations to deal with this problem. 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Ethical Theories The two ethical theories that can be found in this case are utilitarism and deontology. If Jill follows the utilitarian perspective, she could decide to alter the documentation in a way that protects her and the facility from a potentially law suit, but if she decides to follow the deontological perspective by notRead MoreAnalysis Of Ethical Decision And Scandal1429 Words   |  6 Pagesorganizations with good wills. Therefore, the maxim that treating customers as a tool to earn money cannot be a universal law, since customers, naturally, will favor organizations with a sincere willingness. One may appeal to Consequentialism or Utilitarism saying that if the benefits of hiding up scandals exceed the cost, companies may do so. However, one with such thought makes a mistake about Mill’s philosophy. Focusing on company’s interest, some leaders make rather selfish policies, trying to

Walmart and Target a Closer Look at Strategic Interaction Free Essays

Main Paper Walmart and Target: A closer look at strategic interaction Maastricht University School of Business and Economics Maastricht, 4th December 2011 Bastian Hauk, BH ID number: i6034999 Study: International Business Course Code: EBC1009 Economics Business Group Number: 31 Economics Tutor: Khan Writing Tutor: Hetty Bennink Writing Assignment: Main Paper Table of Contents Page 1. Introduction 2. Economic Principle: Game Theory 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Walmart and Target a Closer Look at Strategic Interaction or any similar topic only for you Order Now Applied Economic Principles 3. 1. Theory of Game for simultaneously Decision Making 3. 2. The extended Version for consecutive Decision Making 4. Conclusion References 4 6 7 8 2 2 1 Introduction In the United States of America there are only two very well-known discount retailers: Target and Walmart. Both are currently operating all over the country which places each of them among the biggest corporations in the United States. Nearly every American has been to at least one of them because they sell almost everything and E. Basker described this service â€Å"one-stop shopping† (2007). In 2007, Walmart operated more than 3,400 stores across the USA and a survey showed that by the end of 2005 46 percent of Americans lived within 5 miles of the nearest store; within 15 miles even 88 percent (Basker, 2007). Target operated 1,750 stores in January 2011 (Target Corp. , 2011). Since their wide range of products is quite similar they are large competitors. Thus, they are constantly waging price war against each other. In addition, they make use of strategic interaction and especially of game theory which is a mathematical model describing a decisionmaking process and showing how the players make different decisions that potentially affect each other’s interests (von Stenge, Turocy, 2001). This paper analyses strategic interaction between Walmart and Target with respect to the game theory and the extended version. In order to do so it introduces first the theoretic background of strategic interaction. Afterwards it applies game theory and the extended version to this case in order to show the impact of strategic interaction on both discount retailers. It concludes by stating the importance of strategic interaction to optimal decision making and its relevance for Walmart and Target. 2 Economic principles: game theory and extended version The theory of games describes certain concepts in which several players influence each other’s decisions in situations of conflict and competition (Moffatt, 2011). In order to apply game theory there must be at least two players. The three basic elements of a game are the player, the strategies he can choose from and the payoffs the players receive from each combination of strategy. The payoff matrix describes the outcomes in a certain game for each possible combination of strategies as shown in Figure 2. 1. 2 Player One Strategy 1 Strategy 1 Outcome Player 1 Strategy 2 Outcome Player 1 Outcome Player Two Strategy 2 Player 2 Outcome Player 1 Outcome Player 2 Outcome Player 1 Outcome Player 2 Figure 2. 1: Payoff matrix for a two player game Outcome Player 2 If one player used a dominant strategy, his choice yields a higher payoff, regardless what the other player does and as a result he has no incentive to change his strategy. For this example, player one’s dominant strategy would be strategy one if he received a higher outcome no matter which strategy player two chooses, but only if he then receives the highest payout. There are also some particular outcomes; for example the Nash equilibrium which occurs when any combination of strategies is the best strategy with the best possible outcome for all players (McDowell, Thom, Frank, Bernanke, 009). An outcome created by two dominant strategies which is worse than the outcome created by two dominated strategies is called prisoner’s dilemma. The prisoner’s dilemma only occurs when each player’s dominant strategy results in a smaller payoff than it would have if they had chosen the dominated strategy. Game theory also assumes that the decisions are made simultaneo usly. To illustrate a game in which the players decide interdependent, the economist uses the extended version of game theory which is displayed with a game tree (McDowell, Thom, Frank, Bernanke, 2009). Company 1 Decision: Action A or Action B Action A Company 2 Decision: Action C or Action D Action C Outcome 1 Outcome 2 Action D Action B Company 2 Decision: Action C or Action D Action C Outcome 3 Outcome 4 Action D Figure 2. 2: Decision tree Figure 2. 2 is an example of a game tree. Company 1 first decides which action they will take, which can be either A or B. Company 2 then has the choice how they want to react and whether they take action C or D. The best outcome can only be achieved with a backward nduction as a result of evaluating the results first and afterwards predicting the other player’s strategy. For example, outcome 3 would be the best outcome for company 2 if company 1 chose action B and therefore company 2 chooses action C. Outcome 2 would gain the highest p rofit for company 2 if company 1 took action A. 3 Applied Economic Principles 3. 1 Theory of game for simultaneously decision making As stated in the introduction this two very large American retailers are competitors and have a very similar customer base. The income of Targets customer base is slightly higher but it is not relevant for strategic interaction (Neuman, 2011). Theory of game helps to understand the different prices and how the different price strategies affect consumer behavior. This example is not based on any specific data. However, it is logic for somebody willing to buy a certain good to substitute the same good with an identical one if the price is lower and there are not any additional efforts to make. By applying game theory, the three basic elements have to be clear. 4 Walmart and Target are the players. Different pricing of a certain product -a television- are the strategies while the different profits are the results of each combination of the strategies. Both companies have two pricing strategies: either to charge a low price of â‚ ¬300 or a high price of â‚ ¬500. They have to make the decision simultaneously, for instance before they release the television to the market. It is important to know that the customers are also willing to purchase the television for the high price. Target High Price (â‚ ¬500) High Price (â‚ ¬500) Walmart Walmart earns â‚ ¬10,000 profit Low Price (â‚ ¬300) Walmart earns â‚ ¬15,000 profit Figure 3. : Payoff matrix for Walmart and Target Figure 3. 1 shows a potential payoff matrix for this strategic interaction. It shows all possible outcomes for the two pricing strategies. Walmart and Target would both make â‚ ¬10,000 profit if they charged the high price and â‚ ¬7,500 profit if they charged the low price. If Walmart chose the low pricing strategy and Target used the high pricing strategy Walmart would gain â‚ ¬15,000 compared to the â‚ ¬5,000 profit Target would make. Target also makes â‚ ¬15,000 profit using the low price if Walmart decides to charge the high price. What does that mean for both companies? Since both of them would earn a higher profit by setting the price low in this scenario, both companies would choose â€Å"Low Price† as a dominant strategy. On the contrary, â€Å"High Price† would be the dominated strategy. Nash equilibrium can be found when both companies pick the â€Å"low price† strategy because they don’t have an incentive to change their strategy. This payoff 5 Low (â‚ ¬300) Target earns â‚ ¬15,000 profit Walmart earns â‚ ¬5,000 profit Target earns â‚ ¬7,500 profit Walmart earns â‚ ¬7,500 profit Target earns â‚ ¬10,000 profit Target earns â‚ ¬5,000 profit matrix also shows that the strategy combination of â€Å"high price† and â€Å"high price† would be the best possible outcome for both firms. But rather than applying the dominated strategy Walmart and Target use the dominant strategy. This dilemma is called prisoner’s dilemma. Those dilemmas exist quite often and there are many reasons why they exist, for instance, both companies do not want the other one to make a higher profit or even to have the chance to receive a higher profit. 3. 2. The extended version for consecutive decision making Therefore Target and Walmart react and might change the strategy they had choosen. Both competitors often change their strategies. Although Singh (2006) stated that prices at Walmart are about 15 percent lower than in traditional supermarkets, Neuman (2011) proved by comparing almost 60 items that Target’s prices were a bit lower than Walmart’s. It is hard to rely on data which are released with a 5 year time difference but it shows that both firms constantly adjust the prices to be competitive. High Price Target High Price Walmart Low Price â‚ ¬10,000 for Target â‚ ¬10,000 for Walmart â‚ ¬15,000 for Target â‚ ¬5,000 for Walmart â‚ ¬5,000 for Target â‚ ¬15,000 for Walmart â‚ ¬7,500 for Target â‚ ¬7,500 for Walmart High Price Low Price Target Low Price Figure 3. 2: Decision Tree for Walmart and Target 6 Since the decisions of both companies are not made simultaneously the reacting firm -in this case Target- has to find out what action to take in order to receive the highest profit for either move Walmart makes. Walmart moves first and selects either strategy. Target is in the position to decide and how it wants to react. Thus, Target uses backward induction. First it evaluates the best results for each action Walmart uses; â‚ ¬15,000 profit if Walmart sets a high price and â‚ ¬7,500 profit if Walmart sets a low price. Afterwards it chooses the strategy how to get to that profit. Finally Walmart moves and selects the low or the high price strategy and Target is able to react sufficiently. Assume that Walmart chooses the high price strategy then Target sets low prices and due to that Target earns the highest possible profit. Conclusion Walmart and Target are large competitors on the American retailer market and therefore strategic interaction is very important for them. Both companies know the ways to decide how to act concerning different strategies. Both companies know that it is necessary for them to react and choose the best strategy. In the first example both companies simultaneously introduce a television to the market. Their do minant strategy is to set a low price because both of them hope that the other company chooses the high price strategy. This is one example of a free market wherein the customers always choose the low price if available. Walmart and Target would earn a larger profit if both set the high price. In the other case Walmart moves first and afterwards Target chooses the strategy which leads to the highest outcome. The reacting company’s best strategy in the extended version of game theory is always the low price strategy. On the contrary, when two companies have to decide simultaneously it is not always the best choice to choose the low price strategy although it is their dominant strategy. References Basker, E. (2007). The Causes and Consequences of Wal-Mart’s Growth. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21 (3), 177-198. McDowell, M. , Thom, R. , Frank, R. , Bernanke, B. (2009). Principles of Economics, 2nd European Edition. Maidenhead, UK: McGraw-Hill Education. Moffatt, M. (2008). What are Game Theory and Bargaining Theory? Retrieved December 4, 2011, from http://economics. about. com/cs/ studentresources/f/game_theory. htm Neuman, S. (2011). Target Takes Aim At Walmart, With Some Success, NPR. Retrieved December 4, 2011, from http://www. pr. org/2011/08/19/139793948/target-takes-aim-at-walmartwith-some-success Singh, V. , Hansen, K. , Blattberg, R. (2006). A Market Entry and Consumer Behavior: An investigation of a Wal-Mart Supercenter. Marketing Science, 25 (5), 457-476 Target Corp. (2011). Target Annual Report 2010. Minnesota, US: Target. Retrieved December 7, 2011 from http://www. sec. gov/Archives/edgar/data/27419/000104746911002032/a2201861z10k. htm#bg11101a_main_toc Turocy, T. L, von Stenge, B (2001). Game Theory. Academic Press Limited, 2 (2), 69-73. 10. 1080/07430170152379371 doi: 8 How to cite Walmart and Target a Closer Look at Strategic Interaction, Essay examples

The Causes And Consequences Essays - Economy, Economics,

The Causes And Consequences Mr. Chairman and members of the Senate Finance Committee: Thank you for allowing me to testify on the causes and consequences of the U.S. trade deficit. The economic turmoil in East Asia has thrust America's trade deficit back into the news. Perhaps no aspect of American trade is talked about more and understood less than the trade deficit. It has been cited as conclusive proof of unfair trade barriers abroad or a lack of competitiveness among U.S. industries at home. It has been blamed for destroying jobs and dragging down economic growth. I welcome the opportunity to present a more charitable view of this much abused trade number. The U.S. trade deficit is the result of a net inflow of capital to the United States from the rest of the world. Because of our stable and relatively free domestic market, we remain the world's most popular destination for foreign investment. We have become a net importer of capital because Americans do not save enough to finance all the available investment opportunities in our economy. This inflow of capital from abroad allows us to pay for imports over and above what we export. In other words, the trade deficit is simply a mirror reflection of the larger macroeconomic reality that investment in the United States exceeds domestic savings. If we want to change the U.S. trade deficit we must change the rate at which Americans save and invest. In a study published by the Cato Institute in April, I address four enduring myths about the U.S. trade deficit. Two of them relate to causes, two to consequences. The first myth is that the overall U.S. trade deficit is caused by unfair trade barriers abroad. Foreign barriers are certainly a problem, just as our own barriers to imports remain a problem. But trade restrictions do not determine the overall U.S. trade deficit, nor do they fully account for the differences in bilateral trade balances. For example, the United States runs a large trade surplus with Brazil, a country with relatively high trade barriers, while we run deficits with Mexico and Canada, two countries virtually open to U.S. exports. The second myth is that trade deficits are caused by a lack of U.S. industrial competitiveness. This myth has been refuted by the stellar performance of the American economy, which today is the envy of the world. Since 1992, the U.S. trade deficit has tripled. During that same time, U.S. industrial production has surged 24 percent and manufacturing output 27 percent. The American people sell more goods and services in the global marketplace than people of any other country. A third myth is that trade deficits destroy jobs. Again, the performance of the U.S. economy in the last decade should lay that myth to rest. While the trade deficit has expanded, so have American payrolls. Indeed, there is a strong correlation between rising trade deficits and falling rates of unemployment. The reason is simple: The same expanding economy that stimulates demand for labor also raises demand for imported goods and capital. The final myth is that trade deficits are a drag on the U.S. economy. With the slowdown in East Asia, this seems a reasonable claim. But the drag is not the trade deficit itself, but falling demand for our exports in the Far East. A trade deficit that reflects both rising exports and even more rapidly rising imports can be a sign of health. That has been the case in the United States for most of past two decades. Since 1980, the U.S economy has grown an average of 3.1 percent in years in which the current account deficit has expanded from the previous year, and an average of only 2.0 percent in years in which the deficit has shrunk. If trade deficits are bad for growth, why does the U.S. economy grow more than 50 percent faster when the trade deficit expands? Frankly, we would have more reason to worry if the U.S. were running a trade surplus. In Mexico in 1995 and more recently in South Korea and other East Asian countries, trade balances flipped overnight from deficit to surplus because of plunging domestic demand and the flight of foreign capital. In